Health At Fast Food Restaurants
Introduction To Our Project
Trigger Warning: This blog post discusses eating, food, and nutrition
Driving down any American city or town, there are fast food restaurants lining the streets. Faced with time constraints from work, childcare, and commuting, many people often turn to convenience foods to save time. Although these restaurants offer a solution to lost time in terms of food preparation and clean up, they simultaneously propose a new problem: a poor diet. According to a 2015 review, fast food is often high in sugar, salt, saturated or trans fats, and many processed preservatives, while also lacking beneficial nutrients. The goal of this blog is to answer the question: “Which fast food items from various restaurants best fit health-conscious dietary needs?” By categorizing all of the menu items at the most popular fast-food restaurants, we aim to provide readers with information that might influence their next order. Should you find yourself at Arbys, Burger King, Chick-Fil-A, Dairy Queen, McDonald’s, Sonic, Subway, or Taco Bell, we hope that you’ll be equipped with exactly what you need to know in order to stick to your health goals.
For reference, here are the average daily requirements for various types of nutrition:
- Calories: 2000-2500 kcal/day for men, and 1600-2000 kcal/day for women.
- Protein: 0.8-1.0 g/kg of body weight/day.
- Carbohydrates: 45-65% of total daily calories, or at least 130 g/day.
- Fat: 20-35% of total daily calories, or at least 20-35 g/day.
- Cholesterol: Less than 300 milligrams per day for most adults, and less than 200 milligrams per day for individuals with heart disease or high blood cholesterol levels.
- Sodium: Less than 2,300 milligrams per day for most adults, and less than 1,500 milligrams per day for individuals with high blood pressure, kidney disease, or other health conditions.
- Sugar: the American Heart Association recommends no more than 25 grams per day for women and 38 grams per day for men.
Our data is from Kaggle and was created for the purpose of analyzing the health of different fast food items. It can be found at this link: (https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/ulrikthygepedersen/fastfood-nutrition), where you can view other variables that were not a part of our analysis if you are interested in exploring further.
A possible limitation of our data analysis is the fact that the nutritional information or availability of certain menu items could differ depending on the location. Our data does not account for this variability. Another limitation is that we focus on two kinds of nutrients at a time. It is difficult to get a total picture of health when you are only given enough information to compare two health components. To remedy this, we provide a matrix of plots with comparisons for all our variables at the end of each restaurant’s analysis.
Arbys
## # A tibble: 4 × 5
## calories protein size withinss cluster
## <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <fct>
## 1 484. 26.3 13 35928. 1
## 2 950 46 3 19834 2
## 3 678. 37.3 24 71350. 3
## 4 259. 15.6 15 76085. 4
## calories protein
## 1 483.8462 26.30769
## 2 950.0000 46.00000
## 3 678.3333 37.29167
## 4 258.6667 15.60000
| Group 1 | Bring on the calories and protein! | Group 3 | If you’re on a diet . . . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arby-Q Sandwich | Pecan Chicken Salad Sandwich | Beef ’n Cheddar Mid | Arby’s Melt |
| Beef ’n Cheddar Classic | Triple Decker Sandwich | Bourbon BBQ Brisket Sandwich | Classic Roast Beef |
| Buttermilk Buffalo Chicken Sandwich | Ultimate BLT | Bourbon BBQ Chicken Sandwich | Ham & Swiss Melt |
| Buttermilk Crispy Chicken Sandwich | Bourbon BBQ Steak Sandwich | 2 piece Prime-Cut Chicken Tenders | |
| Classic French Dip & Swiss/Au Jus | Buttermilk Chicken Bacon & Swiss | 3 piece Prime-Cut Chicken Tenders | |
| Double Roast Beef | Buttermilk Chicken Cordon Bleu Sandwich | Buffalo Chicken Slider | |
| Grand Turkey Club | Fire-Roasted Philly Steak | Chicken Tender ’n Cheese Slider | |
| Roast Beef Gyro | Greek Gyro | Corned Beef ’n Cheese Slider | |
| Roast Turkey & Swiss Wrap | Half Pound Beef ’n Cheddar Sandwich | Ham ’n Cheese Slider | |
| Super Roast Beef | Half Pound French Dip & Swiss | Jalapeno Roast Beef ’n Cheese Slider | |
| Turkey Gyro | Half Pound Roast Beef Sandwich | Pizza Slider | |
| Crispy Chicken Farmhouse Salad | Loaded Italian Sandwich | Roast Beef ’n Cheese Slider | |
| Greek Gyro Salad | Pecan Chicken Salad Flatbread | Turkey ’n Cheese Slider | |
| 5 piece Prime-Cut Chicken Tenders | Chopped Side Salad | ||
| Reuben Sandwich | Roast Turkey Farmhouse Salad | ||
| Roast Turkey & Swiss Sandwich | |||
| Roast Turkey, Ranch & Bacon Sandwich | |||
| Roast Turkey, Ranch & Bacon Wrap | |||
| Smoke Mountain w/ Beef Short Rib | |||
| Smokehouse Beef Short Rib Sandwich | |||
| Smokehouse Brisket | |||
| Three Cheese Steak Sandwich | |||
| Turkey Avocado Club | |||
| Super Greek Salad |
Burger King
## # A tibble: 3 × 5
## calories protein size withinss cluster
## <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <fct>
## 1 655. 30.4 27 247228. 1
## 2 346. 16.3 29 198721. 2
## 3 1052. 59.9 13 384342. 3
## calories protein
## 1 654.8148 30.37037
## 2 345.5172 16.27586
## 3 1052.3077 59.92308
## $`1`
## [1] "Bacon King Jr"
## [2] "Double Bacon Cheeseburger"
## [3] "Extra Long Cheeseburger"
## [4] "Homestyle Cheeseburger"
## [5] "Sourdough King Single"
## [6] "Bacon & Cheese Whopper"
## [7] "WHOPPER w/o Cheese"
## [8] "WHOPPER w/ Cheese"
## [9] "Bacon Cheddar Ranch Chicken Salad w/ grilled Chicken & Dressing"
## [10] "Bacon Cheddar Ranch Chicken Salad w/ crispy Chicken & Dressing"
## [11] "Chicken BLT Salad w/ Grilled Chicken"
## [12] "Chicken BLT Salad w/ Crispy Chicken"
## [13] "Chicken Caesar Salad w/ Grilled Chicken"
## [14] "Chicken Caesar Salad w/ Crispy Chicken"
## [15] "Chicken, Apple & Cranberry Salad w/ Grilled Chicken"
## [16] "Chicken, Apple & Cranberry Salad w/ Crispy Chicken"
## [17] "Bacon Cheddar Ranch Crispy Chicken Sandwich"
## [18] "Big Fish Sandwich"
## [19] "Chicken Cordon Bleu Sandwich"
## [20] "Chicken Parmesan Sandwich"
## [21] "Crispy Buffalo Chicken Melt"
## [22] "Crispy Chicken Sandwich"
## [23] "Original Chicken Sandwich"
## [24] "Sourdough Chicken Club"
## [25] "Spicy Chicken Nuggets"
## [26] "Spicy Crispy Chicken Sandwich"
## [27] "Spicy Crispy Jalapeno Chicken Sandwich"
##
## $`2`
## [1] "Bacon Cheeseburger"
## [2] "Bacon Cheeseburger Deluxe"
## [3] "Cheeseburger"
## [4] "Double Cheeseburger"
## [5] "Double Hamburger"
## [6] "Hamburger"
## [7] "Rodeo Burger"
## [8] "WHOPPER JR. w/o Cheese"
## [9] "WHOPPER JR. w/ Cheese"
## [10] "Garden Grilled Chicken Salad w/ Grilled Chicken, no dressing"
## [11] "Garden Grilled Chicken Salad w/ Crispy Chicken, no dressing"
## [12] "Side Caesar Salad with dressing"
## [13] "Side Garden Salad and Avocado Ranch Dressing"
## [14] "BBQ Bacon Crispy Chicken Sandwich"
## [15] "BK VEGGIE Burger"
## [16] "Chicken Burger"
## [17] "Chicken Fries"
## [18] "4 Piece Chicken Nuggets"
## [19] "6 Piece Chicken Nuggets"
## [20] "Chicken Nuggets (10pc)"
## [21] "Crispy Chicken Jr."
## [22] "Grilled Chicken Sandwich"
## [23] "Grilled Chili Cheese Dog"
## [24] "Grilled Hot Dog"
## [25] "Jalapeno Chicken Fries"
## [26] "Pretzel Chicken Fries"
## [27] "Rodeo Crispy Chicken Sandwich"
## [28] "4 Piece Spicy Chicken Nuggets"
## [29] "Spicy Crispy Chicken Jr."
##
## $`3`
## [1] "American Brewhouse King" "Bacon & Swiss Sourdough King"
## [3] "Bacon King" "BBQ Bacon King"
## [5] "Double Quarter Pound King" "Jalapeno King Sandwich"
## [7] "Mushroom & Swiss King" "Rodeo King"
## [9] "Sourdough King Double" "Steakhouse King"
## [11] "DOUBLE WHOPPER w/o Cheese" "DOUBLE WHOPPER w/ Cheese"
## [13] "20 Piece Chicken Nuggets"
Chick-Fil-A
## # A tibble: 3 × 5
## calories protein size withinss cluster
## <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <fct>
## 1 850 63.3 3 33801. 1
## 2 173 20.7 10 42806. 2
## 3 436. 32.8 14 56567. 3
## calories protein
## 1 850.0000 63.33333
## 2 173.0000 20.70000
## 3 435.7143 32.78571
## $`1`
## [1] "30 piece Chicken Nuggets" "Chicken Enchiladas Meal Kit"
## [3] "Chicken Parmesan Meal Kit"
##
## $`2`
## [1] "Chick-n-Slider" "1 Piece Chick-n-Strips"
## [3] "2 Piece Chick-n-Strips" "4 piece Chicken Nuggets"
## [5] "6 piece Chicken Nuggets" "8 piece Chicken Nuggets"
## [7] "4 Piece Grilled Chicken Nuggets" "6 Piece Grilled Chicken Nuggets"
## [9] "8 piece Grilled Chicken Nuggets" "12 Piece Grilled Chicken Nuggets"
##
## $`3`
## [1] "Chargrilled Chicken Club Sandwich"
## [2] "Chargrilled Chicken Sandwich"
## [3] "3 Piece Chick-n-Strips"
## [4] "4 piece Chick-n-Strips"
## [5] "Chicken Deluxe"
## [6] "12 piece Chicken Nuggets"
## [7] "Chicken Salad Sandwich"
## [8] "Chicken Sandwich"
## [9] "Spicy Grilled Chicken Sub Sandwich"
## [10] "Regular Grilled Chicken Sub Sandwich"
## [11] "Smokehouse BBQ Bacon Sandwich"
## [12] "Spicy Chicken Sandwich"
## [13] "Spicy Deluxe"
## [14] "Chargrilled Chicken Cool Wrap"
Dairy Queen
Calories and Total Fat
Graphing the Clusters:
Information About Clusters:
| Calories | Total_Fat | Size | Withiness | cluster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 568.5714 | 30.64286 | 14 | 38534.64 | 1 |
| 812.5000 | 49.00000 | 4 | 13481.00 | 2 |
| 1085.0000 | 67.00000 | 4 | 42410.00 | 3 |
| 340.5556 | 17.61111 | 18 | 45680.72 | 4 |
| 85.0000 | 1.00000 | 2 | 8452.00 | 5 |
| Average For Dairy Queen | On the Richer Side | Most Fatty/Calorie Dense Items | Lower Calorie and Fat Items | The Few Low Calorie/Fat Items |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/4 lb. Bacon Cheese GrillBurger | 1/2 lb. GrillBurger with Cheese | 1/2 lb. FlameThrower® GrillBurger | Original Cheeseburger | Grilled Chicken Garden Greens Salad |
| 1/4 lb. GrillBurger with Cheese | Chili Cheese Mega Dog | 4 Piece Chicken Strip Basket w/ Country Gravy | Bacon Cheese Dog | Side Salad |
| 1/4 lb. Mushroom Swiss GrillBurger | DQ Ultimate® Burger | 6 Piece Chicken Strip Basket w/ Country Gravy | Cheese Dog | |
| Original Double Cheeseburger | Steak Finger Basket | Large Cheese Curds | Chili Cheese Dog | |
| Regular Cheese Curds | Chili Dog | |||
| Crispy Fish Sandwich | Hot Dog | |||
| Deluxe Double Cheeseburger | Relish Dog | |||
| Deluxe Double Hamburger | Barbecue Pork Sandwich | |||
| Pork Tenderloin Sandwich | Breaded Mushrooms | |||
| Chicken Bacon Ranch Sandwich | Corn Dog | |||
| Chicken Mozzarella Sandwich | Deluxe Cheeseburger | |||
| Crispy Chicken BLT Salad | Deluxe Hamburger | |||
| Crispy Chicken Sandwich | 3 chicken strips Chicken Strips | |||
| Turkey BLT Sandwich | Crispy Chicken Garden Greens Salad | |||
| Crispy Chicken Wrap | ||||
| Grilled Chicken BLT Salad | ||||
| Grilled Chicken Sandwich | ||||
| Grilled Chicken Wrap |
Looking Over All The Variables
What Does This Mean:
Above one can look at the relationship between each of the seven variables that are most important for looking at the health of the food that you are eating. These components are calories, total fat, protein, cholesterol, sodium, total carbs, and sugar. While this graph is a lot to look at, it allows you to focus on two of the variables that matter most to you. For example, if you are most interested in sugar, you can see that almost all of the food items contain the same amount of sugar, so this variable may not be that interesting because it does not change much depending on which food item. Looking at this graph is why total fat and calories are highlighted in the graph above. It is clear that these two have a very high positive linear correlation and the clusters are clearly separated from one another.
Mcdonalds
Calories and Total Fat
Graphing The Clusters:
Describing the Clusters:
| Calories | Total_Fat | Size | Withiness | cluster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 714.5455 | 34.59091 | 22 | 277310.8 | 1 |
| 2430.0000 | 141.00000 | 1 | 0.0 | 2 |
| 383.7931 | 17.68966 | 29 | 421023.0 | 3 |
| 1444.0000 | 79.60000 | 5 | 289577.2 | 4 |
| Average For McDonalds | The Fattiest and Most Calorie Dense Item on the Menu | Least Fatty/Calorie Dense Items | High Calories and Fat |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single Bacon Smokehouse Burger | 20 piece Buttermilk Crispy Chicken Tenders | Artisan Grilled Chicken Sandwich | Double Bacon Smokehouse Burger |
| Grilled Bacon Smokehouse Chicken Sandwich | Big Mac | 10 piece Buttermilk Crispy Chicken Tenders | |
| Crispy Bacon Smokehouse Chicken Sandwich | Cheeseburger | 12 piece Buttermilk Crispy Chicken Tenders | |
| Double Quarter Pounder® with Cheese | Classic Chicken Sandwich | 40 piece Chicken McNuggets | |
| Garlic White Cheddar Burger | Double Cheeseburger | 10 piece Sweet N’ Spicy Honey BBQ Glazed Tenders | |
| Crispy Garlic White Cheddar Chicken Sandwich | Filet-O-Fish® | ||
| Maple Bacon Dijon 1/4 lb Burger | Grilled Garlic White Cheddar Chicken Sandwich | ||
| Grilled Maple Bacon Dijon Chicken Sandwich | Hamburger | ||
| Crispy Maple Bacon Dijon Chicken Sandwich | Lobster Roll | ||
| Pico Guacamole 1/4 lb Burger | McChicken | ||
| Crispy Pico Guacamole Chicken Sandwich | McDouble | ||
| Premium Buttermilk Crispy Chicken Deluxe Sandwich | McRib | ||
| Signature Sriracha Burger | Grilled Pico Guacamole Chicken Sandwich | ||
| Grilled Signature Sriracha Chicken Sandwich | Premium Crispy Chicken Deluxe Sandwich | ||
| Crispy Signature Sriracha Chicken Sandwich | Quarter Pounder® with Cheese | ||
| Sweet BBQ Bacon 1/4 lb Burger | 3 piece Buttermilk Crispy Chicken Tenders | ||
| Grilled Sweet BBQ Bacon Chicken Sandwich | 4 piece Buttermilk Crispy Chicken Tenders | ||
| Crispy Sweet BBQ Bacon Chicken Sandwich | 4 Piece Chicken McNuggets | ||
| 6 piece Buttermilk Crispy Chicken Tenders | 6 Piece Chicken McNuggets | ||
| 20 Piece Chicken McNuggets | 10 Piece Chicken McNuggets | ||
| 4 piece Sweet N’ Spicy Honey BBQ Glazed Tenders | Premium Asian Salad w/o Chicken | ||
| 6 piece Sweet N’ Spicy Honey BBQ Glazed Tenders | Premium Asian Salad w/ Grilled Chicken | ||
| Premium Asian Salad w/ Crispy Chicken | |||
| Premium Bacon Ranch Salad w/o Chicken | |||
| Premium Bacon Ranch Salad w/ Grilled Chicken | |||
| Premium Bacon Ranch Salad w/ Crispy Chicken | |||
| Premium Southwest Salad w/o Chicken | |||
| Premium Southwest Salad w/ Grilled Chicken | |||
| Premium Southwest Salad w/ Crispy Chicken |
Looking Over all The Nutrition Facts
What Does This Mean:
While total fat and calories are singled out above, this graph can show you the relationship between seven different health variables that you may be interested in for your health at a fast food restaurant. You can look at the distribution of any of the factors in menu items at Mcdonald’s, for example, in cholesterol, you can see that the purple cluster has the lowest cholesterol than green, but then blue and red overlap quite a bit. You can also look at the relationship between two of the variables, for example, if you look at sugar, you can see that there does not appear to be a very strong association between sugar and any of the other variables, which is explained by the fact that most of the menu items are very low in sugar. Looking at total fat and calories, there appears to be a very linear positive relationship, which is why this relationship is highlighted above, but any of the other relationships can be explored here.
Sonic
Calories and Protein
Graphing Our Clusters:
Defining The Clusters:
| Calories | Protein | Size | Withiness | cluster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 377.5000 | 18.66667 | 24 | 189883.3 | 1 |
| 682.1053 | 32.78947 | 19 | 150000.9 | 2 |
| 1146.0000 | 47.60000 | 10 | 128210.4 | 3 |
| Low Calorie and Protein | Middle Calories and Protein | Extremely Calorie and Protein Rich |
|---|---|---|
| Jr. Burger | Hatch Green Chile Cheeseburger | Super Sonic Bacon Double Cheeseburger (w/mayo) |
| Jr. Chili Cheeseburger | Jalapeno Burger | Super Sonic Double Cheeseburger W/ Mustard |
| Jr. Deluxe Burger | Jr. Double Cheeseburger | Super Sonic Double Cheeseburger W/ Ketchup |
| Jr. Deluxe Cheeseburger | Sonic Bacon Cheeseburger (w/mayo) | Super Sonic Double Cheeseburger W/ Mayo |
| Veggie Burger W/ Ketchup | Sonic Burger W/ Mustard | Super Sonic Jalapeno Double Cheeseburger |
| Veggie Burger With Mustard | Sonic Burger W/ Ketchup | Buffalo Dunked Ultimate Chicken Sandwich |
| Veggie Burger W/ Mustard | Sonic Burger W/ Mayonnaise | Garlic Parmesan Dunked Ultimate Chicken Sandwich |
| Grilled Chicken Sandwich | Sonic Cheeseburger W/ Mustard | 3 Piece Super Crunch Chicken Strip Dinner |
| Chicken Strip Sandwich | Sonic Cheeseburger W/ Ketchup | 4 Piece Super Crunch Chicken Strip Dinner |
| 3 Piece Crispy Chicken Tender Dinner | Sonic Cheeseburger W/ Mayonnaise | 5 Piece Super Crunch Chicken Strip Dinner |
| 5 Piece Crispy Chicken Tender Dinner | Grilled Asiago Caesar Chicken Club Sandwich | |
| Small Jumbo Popcorn Chicken | Crispy Asiago Caesar Chicken Club Sandwich | |
| Small Spicy Jumbo Popcorn Chicken | Crispy Chicken Sandwich | |
| 3 Piece Super Crunch Chicken Strips | Deluxe Ultimate Chicken Sandwich | |
| 4 Piece Super Crunch Chicken Strips | Large Jumbo Popcorn Chicken | |
| Ultimate Chicken Club | Large Spicy Jumbo Popcorn Chicken | |
| All Beef All-american Style Dog – 6" | 5 Piece Super Crunch Chicken Strips | |
| All Beef Chicago Dog – 6" | Traditional Ultimate Chicken Sandwich | |
| All Beef Chili Cheese Coney – 6" | Footlong Quarter Pound Coney | |
| All Beef New York Dog – 6" | ||
| All Beef Regular Hot Dog – 6" | ||
| Cheesy Bacon Pretzel Dog - 6 In. | ||
| Corn Dog | ||
| The Original Pretzel Dog |
Looking Over All The Variables
What Does This Mean:
Even though the above protein and calories are highlighted as descriptors of which menu items one should order, there is a lot more to consider when thinking about your diet. The graph above showcases the distribution of seven different health indicators. Looking at the distributions of the different clusters is very interesting because you can see that most of the clusters show one that is low, one medium, and one high cluster, except for sodium, and sugar. All the menu items appear to be around the same for sodium, and for sugar, there appears to be One group of items that are lower in sugar and two that are about medium in sugar. It is also interesting to note the relationships between each of the variables. It seems that almost every variable is related to one another in a positive way, with sugar and sodium being the least heavily correlated. Calories and protein are highlighted to be compared, because the distribution of protein is interesting with the first cluster being fairly spread out and in protein, then a giant spike of a lot of items being medium in protein, and then again, a fairly spread out distribution of items on the higher end. If you are interested in a more well-rounded description of the menu items at Sonic, this is a great place to start.
Subway
Looking at Calories and Sugar
In 2020, Ireland’s Supreme Court announced its ruling in a years-long legal battle: “Subway bread is not bread.” Under a 1972 law, Ireland deemed that the sugar content of bread cannot exceed 2% of the weight of flour in the dough. Subway bread was found to have a sugar content of about 10%.
Why is this a problem? In the United States, the average adult consumes an estimated 17 teaspoons of sugar each day. That accounts for 14% of total calorie intake in adults following a 2,000-calorie diet. Consuming too much sugar can increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
Graphing Our Clusters:
Defining The Clusters:
| Calories | Sugar | Size | Withiness | cluster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 538.1481 | 10.333333 | 27 | 199921.4 | 1 |
| 883.4615 | 15.076923 | 26 | 475432.3 | 2 |
| 250.9302 | 6.930233 | 43 | 364115.6 | 3 |
| Mild Calorie, Mild Sugar Content | High Calorie, High Sugar Content | Low Calorie, Low Sugar Content |
|---|---|---|
| Footlong B.L.T. | Footlong BBQ Rib Sandwich | 6" B.L.T. |
| 6" BBQ Rib Sandwich | Footlong Big Hot Pastrami | Kids Mini Sub Black Forest Ham |
| 6" Big Hot Pastrami | Footlong Big Philly Cheesesteak | 6" Black Forest Ham |
| 6" Big Philly Cheesesteak | Footlong Carved Turkey & Bacon w/ Cheese | 6" Carved Turkey |
| Footlong Black Forest Ham | Footlong Chicken & Bacon Ranch Melt | 6" Cold Cut Combo |
| Footlong Carved Turkey | Footlong Chicken Pizziola Melt | 6" Oven Roasted Chicken |
| 6" Carved Turkey & Bacon w/ Cheese | Footlong Cold Cut Combo | Kids Mini Sub Roast Beef |
| 6" Chicken & Bacon Ranch Melt | Footlong Corned Beef Reuben | 6" Roast Beef |
| 6" Chicken Pizziola Melt | Footlong Italian B.M.T. | 6" Rotisserie Style Chicken |
| 6" Corned Beef Reuben | Footlong Italian Hero | 6" Steak and Cheese |
| 6" Italian B.M.T. | Footlong Meatball Marinara | 6" Subway Club |
| 6" Italian Hero | Footlong Spicy Italian | 6" Subway Melt (includes cheese) |
| 6" Meatball Marinara | Footlong Steak and Cheese | 6" Sweet Onion Chicken Teriyaki |
| Footlong Oven Roasted Chicken | Footlong Subway Melt (includes cheese) | 6" Turkey & Bacon Avocado |
| Footlong Roast Beef | Footlong Subway Seafood Sensation | Kids Mini Sub Turkey Breast |
| Footlong Rotisserie Style Chicken | Footlong Sweet Onion Chicken Teriyaki | 6" Turkey Breast |
| 6" Spicy Italian | Footlong Tuna | 6" Turkey Breast & Ham |
| Footlong Subway Club | Footlong Turkey & Bacon Avocado | Kids Mini Sub Veggie Delite |
| 6" Subway Seafood Sensation | Footlong Turkey Italiano Melt (with Provolone) | 6" Veggie Delite |
| 6" Tuna | Footlong Veggie Patty | 6" Veggie Patty |
| Footlong Turkey Breast | Chipotle Southwest Steak & Cheese Wrap | Autumn Carved Turkey Salad |
| Footlong Turkey Breast & Ham | Rotisserie-Style Chicken Caesar Wrap | B.L.T. Salad |
| 6" Turkey Italiano Melt (with Provolone) | Turkey, Bacon & Guacamole Wrap | Big Philly Cheesesteak Salad |
| Footlong Veggie Delite | Cheese & Veggies Pizza | Black Forest Ham Salad |
| Big Hot Pastrami Melt Salad | Pepperoni Pizza | Buffalo Chicken Salad (with Ranch dressing) |
| Chicken & Bacon Ranch Melt Salad (includes Ranch dressing) | Sausage Pizza | Carved Turkey & Bacon w/ Cheese Salad |
| Cheese Pizza | Carved Turkey Salad | |
| Cold Cut Combo Salad | ||
| Double Chicken Salad | ||
| Italian B.M.T.® Salad | ||
| Italian Hero Salad | ||
| Meatball Marinara Salad | ||
| Oven Roasted Chicken Salad | ||
| Roast Beef Salad | ||
| Spicy Italian Salad | ||
| Steak & Cheese Salad | ||
| Subway Club Salad | ||
| Subway Melt® Salad | ||
| Sweet Onion Chicken Teriyaki Salad | ||
| Tuna Salad | ||
| Turkey Breast & Ham Salad | ||
| Turkey Breast Salad | ||
| Veggie Delite Salad |
## calories sugar
## 1 538.1481 10.333333
## 2 883.4615 15.076923
## 3 250.9302 6.930233
Taco Bell
Conclusion
Click a point on the map to learn more about the restaurant located there.
References
All data sources, any key R packages, and any other sources used in developing your blog should be cited in full in a list of references at the end of your blog. Your blog post should also link to these sources as they are discussed. You may choose any reference style as long as sources are fully cited (try to be consistent!).
Typically, references in R Markdown (and LaTeX) files are incorporated with a BibTeX database (a .bib file). You can try this approach or manually include either a numbered or alphabetized list.
Columbia University has compiled some guidance on how to cite data. Some data sources will give you the citation information to copy and paste. Use the provided citations or citation styles in those cases.
You can list R package citations with the code
citation("packageName") in the console and then copy (and
reformat as needed) the relevant text, e.g.,
##
## To cite package 'DT' in publications use:
##
## Xie Y, Cheng J, Tan X (2023). _DT: A Wrapper of the JavaScript
## Library 'DataTables'_. R package version 0.27,
## <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=DT>.
##
## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
##
## @Manual{,
## title = {DT: A Wrapper of the JavaScript Library 'DataTables'},
## author = {Yihui Xie and Joe Cheng and Xianying Tan},
## year = {2023},
## note = {R package version 0.27},
## url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=DT},
## }
The following citations are based on the American Statistical Association citation style (not all of these references are used in this document).:
Baumer, B. S., Kaplan, D. T., and Horton, N. J. (2021), Modern Data Science with R (2nd ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Broman, K. W. and Woo, K. H. (2018), “Data Organization in Spreadsheets,” The American Statistician, 72:1, 2-10, doi: 10.1080/00031305.2017.1375989
Columbia University Libraries (n.d.), “Data Citation,” available at https://guides.library.columbia.edu/datacitation.
McNamara, A. and Horton N. J. (2018) “Wrangling Categorical Data in R,” The American Statistician, 72:1, 97-104, doi: 10.1080/00031305.2017.1356375.
Shah, Syed A. A. (October 2022), “Starbucks Drinks” (Version 1), Kaggle, available at https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/syedasimalishah/starbucks-drinks.
Xie Y, Cheng J, Tan X (2022). “DT: A Wrapper of the JavaScript Library ‘DataTables’,” R package version 0.24, available at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=DT.